In modern employment situations, many employees lack formal employment contracts detailing the length of their employment, salary, and other pertinent details. What has developed over the years is the concept known as “at-will” employment. This concept provides much more flexibility to both parties but also a degree of uncertainty.At-will employment is a doctrine of law that developed in the United States. It defines an employment relationship in which both parties have the ability to end the employment relationship without liability, provided that an express contract for a definite term does not exist. Under this employment law doctrine, “any hiring is presumed to be ‘at will.’” The employer is able to fire or lay off an individual for good cause, no cause, or bad cause. The employee, at the same, is able to quite, to go on strike, or stop work for whatever reason as well.While this doctrine appears to give the employer carte blanche for firing an employee, there are a number of exceptions to the rule. One of the biggest exceptions to the rule of at-will employment applies if there is suspected or evident discrimination involved in the termination of an employee or a group of employees. In the event that there is discrimination involved in the firing, the employee may be able to make the employer liable for the damages that were imposed due to the loss of the job.Compliments Horace G. Wood’s 1877 treatise on master-servant relations, the at-will employment rule was born. As true authority for the rule, Wood cited four different United States cases. These cases lent a number of holdings and legal rules to employment. For starters, it was decided that when a hiring was indefinite, the burden of proof was on the servant (or employee) to prove that an indefinite employment term was for one year.Some courts over the years have viewed the rule as imposing a requirement on the employee to prove that there was an express contract for a definite term in order to maintain any action based on termination of employment. This rule, which came to be known as the at-will employment rule, was adopted by all of the states and not modified by any court until 1959.In the half century since the first exception was created by a court, there have been several common law and statutory exceptions added to the general rule. One such exception prohibits an employer from firing an employee for refusing an order to do something that is either illegal or immoral. The burden of proof that this was the reason for discharge rests with the former employee in almost all states.As in all situations, at-will employment is constantly being challenged in the courts across the country.
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